Global warming and greenhouse effect background

      What’s included
      Greenhouse effect background for the activities
      Earth and the Sun
      What makes a gas a greenhouse gas?
      Structure and properties of the atmosphere
      Greenhouse effect mechanism
      What’s next?

      A. Sunshine, air, and water
      B. “Greenhouse” effect energy imbalance
      C. Warming energy in the oceans
      D. Warming energy in the atmosphere
      E. Passive radiative cooling

      Background
      A. Sunlight and surfaces
      B. Is all light created equal?
      C. Does the effect of light depend on distance from its source?
      D. Energy from sunlight; energy conservation
      E. Planetary temperatures, energy balance, and albedo
      Appendix A

      A. Melting ice and density
      B. Oceans, ice, and climate
      C. Seasonal change: another climate science connection

      Introduction to rate
      A. Rate of change counting analogy
      B. Half-life and radioactive decay
      C. First-order reactions

      A. Solid and liquid water
      B. Liquid and gaseous water

VII. Atmospheric carbon dioxide amount and source(s)

      A. Mass of atmospheric CO₂
      B. Radiocarbon dating
      C. Fossil fuels and atmospheric ¹⁴C
      D. Atmospheric CO₂ from burning fossil fuels: further evidence
      Appendix A: Mass of atmosphere

      Nuclear energy
      A. Potassium-40 radioactive decay
      B. Energy and argon from below
      Appendix A: Nuclear reaction energies
      Appendix B: Moles of atmospheric gases

      Oceans contain …
      A. Reaction(s) of seawater-dissolved CO₂ with Ca²⁺
      B. Reaction(s) of dissolved CO₂ with CaCO₃

XI. Direction of change and entropy

      Introduction
      A. Probability model for direction of change
      B. Countable systems and reality
      C. Entropy
      D. Revisiting probability and countable systems
      E. Entropy and energy transfer
      F. Energy, temperature and entropy relationship
      Appendix

XII. Reaction energies and entropies

      Background
      Further generalization of entropy analyses
      A. Reaction energies and entropies
      B. Temperature and direction of change
      C. Entropy and equilibrium
      D. Carbon cycles

XIII. Osmosis

      A. Introduction to osmosis
      B. Biological cells, cell membranes, and osmosis
      C. Reverse osmosis

XIV. Freezing point of a solution

      Background
      A. Solid-liquid phase change

Solubility patterns

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