SIMPLE BUT SIGNIFICANT SCIENCE USING EVERYDAY MATERIALS
by Lois Nicholson
former
teacher of high-school advanced-placement chemistry and physics
from a presentation at the Science is Fun! Symposium
at the 1996 annual meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science in Baltimore, Maryland.
Balancing Nails on a Nail
Pound a large nail far enough into a board so that the nail stands securely upright. Lay a second large nail on a flat surface and place other nails across this nail, head to head as shown above. Finally, place another nail on top of this assembly, head to tail with the second nail. Carefully pick up the assembly and balance it on the upright nail.
In a gravitational field, any
object is most stable when its center of mass is as low as
possible. The center of mass of the nail assembly is below the
point of support and at its lowest when the assembly is balanced.
If the assembly swings to the side, its center of mass rises.
Gravity that exerts a restoring force to bring the assembly back
into balance.
Rolling Coin in Balloon
Place a coin in a large balloon,
and then inflate and tie off the balloon. Swirl the balloon
rapidly to cause the coin to roll inside the balloon. The coin
will roll for a very long time on the smooth balloon surface. At
high coin speeds, the frequency with which the coin circles the
balloon may resonate with one of the balloon's "natural
frequencies," and the balloon may hum loudly.
Racquet Ball Conserves Energy!
With a sharp knife or razor blade (caution!!!), slice a racquet ball into two halves. Trim each half so that it is slightly smaller than a hemisphere. Turn the he hemisphere inside-out and drop it, bulge-side-up, on a hard surface. The ball will snap and rebound to a height much greater than that from which it was dropped.
Work is required to turn the
hemisphere inside-out and this work is stored as potential
energy. As the dropped ball hits the hard surface, this potential
energy is released and converted to kinetic energy, allowing the
ball to rebound to a greater height.
Dropping a Light Ball on Top of a Heavy Ball
Simultaneously drop a light ball (such as a ping pong ball) resting on top of a much heavier ball (such as a superball or golf ball). If the balls are properly aligned, ideally the light ball will rebound to nearly nine times its original height. If three stacked balls each considerably heavier than the one above it--are dropped, ideally the lightest ball rebounds to nearly forty-nine times its original height. If two stacked balls with mass ratio of 3:1 are dropped (approximated by a baseball on top of a basketball), the bottom ball will remain dead on the floor ant the top ball will hit the ceiling.
The explanation for these
phenomena involve conservation of momentum and kinetic energy.
Further details can be found in physics texts or Turning the
World Inside Out, by Robert Erlich, Princeton University
Press, 1990.
Balancing a Ball with a Hair Dryer
A light ball, such as a ping pong
ball or Styrofoam ball, can be balanced in the air stream of a
hair dryer. According to Bernoulli's Principle, the pressure in
the fast-moving air stream is less than the pressure of the
surrounding quiet air. If the ball strays from the air stream,
the surrounding higher pressure air tends to push it back.
Dinner Table Optics
Use a filled round-bottom wine goblet as a lens to focus the light from a candle or from the filament of a chandelier bulb onto a wall. How does the image on the wall compare to the original object?
Look carefully at the world through the wine goblet. Then look carefully at the world through a beer mug. How are the optics of a wine goblet and beer mug similar? Different?
Use a large shiny spoon as a
mirror and compare your image in the bowl and back of the spoon.
Observe carefully the image of your pointed finger as you move it
toward the bowl of the spoon until it touches the spoon.
Deli Optics
Fill a large test tube or tall
narrow pickle or olive jar with water to serve as a cylindrical
lens. Hold the lens above a piece of paper on which the words
"DICK" and "JANE" have been written in bold
capital letters. Hold the jar horizontally in front of your eyes
and look at the world through the jar. While holding the jar in
this position, have someone else look at your eyes through the
jar!
Film-Canister Optics
Make a small pinhole in the center of the bottom of an opaque film canister. About halfway up the can, push a pin through the side of the can from the inside, so that the head of the pin is on the inside of the can directly above the pinhole in the base. Look into the open end of canister toward any bright source of light and adjust the head of the pin until it is in line with the light coming through the pinhole in the bottom. You should see the pin head inside the canister, but it seems to be pointing in the opposite direction!
The view of the pin head is
different from ordinary image production by a pinhole, for in
that case the object and the image are on opposite sides of the
pinhole. What you are seeing here is the shadow of the pin head,
which is right side up your retina, superimposed on the scene
from beyond the pinhole, which is inverted on your retina. Your
brain interprets the messages from your retina by turning them
upside down, making the image from beyond the pinhole look right
side up and the shadow of the pin seem upside down. A thorough
explanation of this phenomenon is given by Curt Gabrielson of The
Exploratorium, in The Physics Teacher, September 1993, p
380.
Flashlight Fiber Optics
Make two small holes in the cap
of a small mustard jar, diagonally opposite each other. Attach
the jar to a flashlight, bottom end of jar against the flashlight
lens, using several layers of duct tape. Make sure that the glass
walls of the jar are completely covered with tape so that no
light comes through the side of the jar. Fill the jar with water
and cap it, turn on the flashlight, and turn out the lights.
Allow a thin continuous stream of water to pour out of one of the
holes in the cap (the other hole allows air into the jar). The
light will be captured within the stream due to total internal
reflection. The stream will not be visible from the side and the
light will only be seen when the stream breaks up or hits
something.
Lightning in Your Mouth
Turn out the lights and allow
your eyes to become accustomed to the dark. Then, while looking
into a mirror, pop a wintergreen Life Saver into your mouth and
chew. Charge separation is produced as the candy fragments, and
the discharge produces light. This phenomenon is called
triboluminescence and can be observed with other flavors of hard
candy--or even sugar cubes, but wintergreen flavor seems to work
best.
Coat-Hanger Chimes
Tie the middle of a 3-foot long
piece of thread to the hook of a cost hanger. Wrap the ends of
the thread around the second finger of each hand, stick these
fingers in your ears, and allow the hanger to bump against a
rigid object. Big Ben never sounded this good!
Non-Newtonian Fluid
Make a thick slurry of cornstarch and water. Unlike ordinary liquids, the slurry will flow easily under a small pressure but resists moving when a sudden or strong force is applied. (Maybe there's a lesson in this about human nature!)